@article {zevin2023gravity, title = {Gravity Spy: Lessons Learned and a Path Forward}, journal = {European Physical Journal Plus}, volume = {139}, year = {2024}, month = {01/2024}, pages = {Article 100}, abstract = {

The Gravity Spy project aims to uncover the origins of glitches, transient bursts of noise that hamper analysis of gravitational-wave data. By using both the work of citizen-science volunteers and machine-learning algorithms, the Gravity Spy project enables reliable classification of glitches. Citizen science and machine learning are intrinsically coupled within the Gravity Spy framework, with machine-learning classifications providing a rapid first-pass classification of the dataset and enabling tiered volunteer training, and volunteer-based classifications verifying the machine classifications, bolstering the machine-learning training set and identifying new morphological classes of glitches. These classifications are now routinely used in studies characterizing the performance of the LIGO gravitational-wave detectors. Providing the volunteers with a training framework that teaches them to classify a wide range of glitches, as well as additional tools to aid their investigations of interesting glitches, empowers them to make discoveries of new classes of glitches. This demonstrates that, when giving suitable support, volunteers can go beyond simple classification tasks to identify new features in data at a level comparable to domain experts. The Gravity Spy project is now providing volunteers with more complicated data that includes auxiliary monitors of the detector to identify the root cause of glitches.

}, doi = {10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04795-4}, author = {Michael Zevin and Corey B. Jackson and Zoheyr Doctor and Yunan Wu and Carsten {\O}sterlund and L. Clifton Johnson and Christopher P. L. Berry and Kevin Crowston and Scott B. Coughlin and Vicky Kalogera and Sharan Banagiri and Derek Davis and Jane Glanzer and Renzhi Hao and Aggelos K. Katsaggelos and Oli Patane and Jennifer Sanchez and Joshua Smith and Siddharth Soni and Laura Trouille and Marissa Walker and Irina Aerith and Wilfried Domainko and Victor-Georges Baranowski and Gerhard Niklasch and Barbara T{\'e}gl{\'a}s} } @article {9998, title = {Data quality up to the third observing run of Advanced LIGO: Gravity Spy glitch classifications}, journal = {Classical and Quantum Gravity}, volume = {40}, year = {2023}, keywords = {FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)}, doi = {10.1088/1361-6382/acb633}, author = {Glanzer, J and Banagiri, S and Coughlin, S B and Soni, S and Zevin, M and Berry, C P L and Patane, O and Bahaadini, S and Rohani, N and Crowston, K and {\O}sterlund, C} } @article {2023, title = {A decade of surveys on attitudes to data sharing highlights three factors for achieving open science}, year = {2023}, month = {08/2023}, type = {Blog}, url = {https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2023/08/22/a-decade-of-surveys-on-attitudes-to-data-sharing-highlights-three-factors-for-achieving-open-science/}, author = {Joshua Borycz and Alison Specht and Kevin Crowston} } @article {2023, title = {Perceived benefits of open data are improving but scientists still lack resources, skills, and rewards}, journal = {Humanities and Social Sciences Communications}, volume = {10}, year = {2023}, month = {Jan-12-2023}, doi = {10.1057/s41599-023-01831-7}, author = {Borycz, Joshua and Olendorf, Robert and Specht, Alison and Grant, Bruce and Crowston, Kevin and Tenopir, Carol and Allard, Suzie and Rice, Natalie M. and Hu, Rachael and Sandusky, Robert J.} } @article {2023, title = {Surveys Provide Insight Into Three Factors That Encourage Open Data and Science}, year = {2023}, month = {9/2023}, type = {Blog}, url = {https://www.socialsciencespace.com/2023/09/surveys-provide-insight-into-three-factors-that-encourage-open-data-and-science/}, author = {Joshua Borycz and Alison Specht and Kevin Crowston} } @article {9999, title = {Interdisciplinary collaboration from diverse science teams can produce significant outcomes}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {17}, year = {2022}, chapter = {e0278043}, abstract = {

Scientific teams are increasingly diverse in discipline, international scope and demographics. Diversity has been found to be a driver of innovation but also can be a source of interpersonal friction. Drawing on a mixed-method study of 22 scientific working groups, this paper presents evidence that team diversity has a positive impact on scientific output (i.e., the number of journal papers and citations) through the mediation of the interdisciplinarity of the collaborative process, as evidenced by publishing in and citing more diverse sources. Ironically these factors also seem to be related to lower team member satisfaction and perceived effectiveness, countered by the gender balance of the team. Qualitative data suggests additional factors that facilitate collaboration, such as trust and leadership. Our findings have implications for team design and management, as team diversity seems beneficial, but the process of integration can be difficult and needs management to lead to a productive and innovative process.

}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0278043}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Interdisciplinary\%20collaboration\%20from\%20diverse\%20science\%20teams\%20can\%20produce\%20significant\%20outcomes.pdf}, author = {Alison Specht and Kevin Crowston} } @conference {9999, title = {Project archetypes: A blessing and a curse for AI development}, booktitle = {International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS)}, year = {2022}, address = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, abstract = {

Software projects rely on what we propose to call project archetypes, i.e., pre-existing mental images of how projects work. They guide distribution of responsibilities, planning, or expectations. However, with the technological progress, project archetypes may become outdated, ineffective, or counterproductive by impeding more adequate approaches. Understanding archetypes of software development projects is core to leverage their potential. The development of applications using machine learning and artificial intelligence provides a context in which existing archetypes might outdate and need to be questioned, adapted, or replaced. We analyzed 36 interviews from 21 projects between IBM Watson and client companies and identified four project archetypes members initially used to understand the projects. We then derive a new project archetype, cognitive computing project, from the interviews. It can inform future development projects based on AI-development platforms. Project leaders should pro-actively manage project archetypes while researchers should investigate what guides initial understandings of software projects.

}, url = {https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2022/is_design/is_design/6 }, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/icis_archetypes_rev1_v20_zora.pdf}, author = {Mateusz Dolata and Kevin Crowston and Gerhard Schwabe} } @article {9998, title = {Assessment, Usability, and Sociocultural Impacts of DataONE: A Global Research Data Cyberinfrastructure Initiative}, journal = {International Journal of Digital Curation}, volume = {16}, year = {2021}, month = {04/2021}, abstract = {

DataONE, funded from 2009-2019 by the U.S. National Science Foundation, is an early example of a large-scale project that built both a cyberinfrastructure and culture of data discovery, sharing, and reuse. DataONE used a Working Group model, where a diverse group of participants collaborated on targeted research and development activities to achieve broader project goals. This article summarizes the work carried out by two of DataONE{\textquoteright}s working groups: Usability \& Assessment (2009-2019) and Sociocultural Issues (2009-2014). The activities of these working groups provide a unique longitudinal look at how scientists, librarians, and other key stakeholders engaged in convergence research to identify and analyze practices around research data management through the development of boundary objects, an iterative assessment program, and reflection. Members of the working groups disseminated their findings widely in papers, presentations, and datasets, reaching international audiences through publications in 25 different journals and presentations to over 5,000 people at interdisciplinary venues. The working groups helped inform the DataONE cyberinfrastructure and influenced the evolving data management landscape. By studying working groups over time, the paper also presents lessons learned about the working group model for global large-scale projects that bring together participants from multiple disciplines and communities in convergence research.

}, doi = {10.2218/ijdc.v16i1.678 }, author = {Robert J. Sandusky and Suzie Allard and Lynn Baird and Leah Cannon and Kevin Crowston and Amy Forrester and Bruce Grant and Rachael Hu and Robert Olendorf and Danielle Pollock and Alison Specht and Carol Tenopir and Rachel Volentine} } @article {soni2021discovering, title = {Discovering features in gravitational-wave data through detector characterization, citizen science and machine learning}, journal = {Classical and Quantum Gravity}, volume = {38}, year = {2021}, doi = {10.1088/1361-6382/ac1ccb}, author = {S Soni and C P L Berry and S B Coughlin and M Harandi and C B Jackson and K Crowston and C {\O}sterlund and O Patane and A K Katsaggelos and L Trouille and V-G Baranowski and W F Domainko and K Kaminski and M A Lobato Rodriguez and U Marciniak and P Nauta and G Niklasch and R R Rote and B T{\'e}gl{\'a}s and C Unsworth and C Zhang} } @article {9999, title = {Evaluating MIDST, a system to support stigmergic team coordination}, journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction}, volume = {5}, year = {2021}, month = {04/2021}, pages = {Article 36}, abstract = {

Data science teams working on a shared analysis face coordination problems such as dividing up the work to be done, monitoring performance and integrating the pieces. Research on distributed software development teams has raised the potential of stigmergic coordination, that is, coordination through a shared work product in place of explicit communication. The MIDST system was developed to support stigmergic coordination by making individual contributions to a shared work product visible, legible and combinable. In this paper, we present initial studies of a total of 40 student teams (24 using MIDST) that shows that teams that used MIDST did experience the intended system affordances to support their work, did seem to coordinate at least in part stigmergically and performed better on an assigned project.

}, keywords = {stigmergic coordination; translucency; awareness; data-science teams}, doi = {10.1145/3449110}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/CSCW_2020_MIDST_paper_final_0.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Jeffery Saltz and Niraj Sitaula and Yatish Hegde} } @article {9998, title = {Examining Open Innovation in Science (OIS): What Open Innovation can and cannot offer the science of science}, journal = {Innovation: Organization \& Management}, year = {2021}, abstract = {

Scholars across disciplines increasingly hear calls for more open and collaborative approaches to scientific research. The concept of Open Innovation in Science (OIS) provides a framework that integrates dispersed research efforts aiming to understand the antecedents, contingencies, and consequences of applying open and collaborative research practices. While the OIS framework has already been taken up by science of science scholars, its conceptual underpinnings require further specification. In this essay, we critically examine the OIS concept and bring to light two key aspects: 1) how OIS builds upon Open Innovation (OI) research by adopting its attention to boundary-crossing knowledge flows and by adapting other concepts developed and researched in OI to the science context as exemplified by two OIS cases in the area of research funding; 2) how OIS conceptualises knowledge flows across boundaries. While OI typically focuses on well-defined organizational boundaries, we argue that blurry and even invisible boundaries between communities of practice may more strongly constrain flows of knowledge related to openness and collaboration in science. Given the uptake of this concept, this essay brings needed clarity to the meaning of OIS, which has no particular normative orientation toward a close coupling between science and industry. We end by outlining the essay{\textquoteright}s contributions to OI and the science of science, as well as to science practitioners.

}, doi = {10.1080/14479338.2021.1999248}, author = {Susanne Beck and Marcel LaFlamme and Carsten Bergenholtz and Marcel Bogers and Tiare-Maria Brasseur and Marie-Louise Conradsen and Kevin Crowston and Diletta Di Marco and Agnes Effert and Despoina Filiou and Lars Frederiksen and Thomas Gillier and Marc Gruber and Carolin Haeussler and Karin Hoisl and Olga Kokshagina and Maria-Theresa Norn and Marion Poetz and Gernot Pruschak and Laia Pujol Priego and Agnieszka Radziwon and Alexander Ruser and Henry Sauermann and Sonali Shah and Julia Suess-Reyes and Christopher L. Tucci and Philipp Tuertscher and Jane Bj{\o}rn Vedel and Roberto Verganti and Jonathan Wareham and Sunny Mosangzi Xu} } @article {2021, title = {Hybrid intelligence in business networks}, journal = {Electronic Markets}, year = {2021}, month = {Nov-06-2021}, issn = {1019-6781}, doi = {10.1007/s12525-021-00481-4}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Ebel2021_Article_HybridIntelligenceInBusinessNe.pdf}, author = {Ebel, Philipp and S{\"o}llner, Matthias and Leimeister, Jan Marco and Crowston, Kevin and de Vreede, Gert-Jan} } @article {2021, title = {Imagine All the People: Citizen Science, Artificial Intelligence, and Computational Research}, year = {2021}, institution = {Computing Community Consortium (CCC)}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

Machine learning, artificial intelligence, and deep learning have advanced significantly over the past decade. Nonetheless, humans possess unique abilities such as creativity, intuition, context and abstraction, analytic problem solving, and detecting unusual events. To successfully tackle pressing scientific and societal challenges, we need the complementary capabilities of both humans and machines. The Federal Government could accelerate its priorities on multiple fronts through judicious integration of citizen science and crowdsourcing with artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud strategies.

}, url = {https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/CCC-TransitionPaperImagine-All-the-People.pdf}, author = {Lea A. Shanley and Lucy Fortson and Tanya Berger-Wolf and Kevin Crowston and Pietro Michelucci} } @article {9998, title = {Knowledge Tracing to Model Learning in Online Citizen Science Projects}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies}, volume = {13}, year = {2020}, pages = {123-134}, abstract = {

We present the design of a citizen science system that uses machine learning to guide the presentation of image classification tasks to newcomers to help them more quickly learn how to do the task while still contributing to the work of the project. A Bayesian model for tracking volunteer learning for training with tasks with uncertain outcomes is presented and fit to data from 12,986 volunteer contributors. The model can be used both to estimate the ability of volunteers and to decide the classification of an image. A simulation of the model applied to volunteer promotion and image retirement suggests that the model requires fewer classifications than the current system.

}, issn = {1939-1382}, doi = {10.1109/TLT.2019.2936480 }, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/transaction\%20paper\%20final\%20figures\%20in\%20text.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Carsten {\O}sterlund and Tae Kyoung Lee and Corey Brian Jackson and Mahboobeh Harandi and Sarah Allen and Sara Bahaadini and Scott Coughlin and Aggelos Katsaggelos and Shane Larson and Neda Rohani and Joshua Smith and Laura Trouille and Michael Zevin} } @article {2020, title = {MIDST: An enhanced development environment that improves the maintainability of a data science analysis}, journal = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, volume = {8}, year = {2020}, abstract = {

With the increasing ability to generate actionable insight from data, the field of data science has seen significant growth. As more teams develop data science solutions, the analytical code they develop will need to be enhanced in the future, by an existing or a new team member. Thus, the importance of being able to easily maintain and enhance the code required for an analysis will increase. However, to date, there has been minimal research on the maintainability of an analysis done by a data science team. To help address this gap, data science maintainability was explored by (1) creating a data science maintainability model, (2) creating a new tool, called MIDST (Modular Interactive Data Science Tool), that aims to improve data science maintainability, and then (3) conducting a mixed method experiment to evaluate MIDST. The new tool aims to improve the ability of a team member to update and rerun an existing data science analysis by providing a visual data flow view of the analysis within an integrated code and computational environment. Via an analysis of the quantitative and qualitative survey results, the experiment found that MIDST does help improve the maintainability of an analysis. Thus, this research demonstrates the importance of enhanced tools to help improve the maintainability of data science projects.

}, doi = {10.12821/ijispm080301}, url = {http://www.sciencesphere.org/ijispm/archive/ijispm-080301.pdf}, author = {Jeffery Saltz and Kevin Crowston and Heckman, Robert and Yatish Hegde} } @article {9999, title = {Teaching Citizen Scientists to Categorize Glitches using Machine-Learning-Guided Training}, journal = {Computers in Human Behavior}, volume = {105}, year = {2020}, pages = {106198}, abstract = {

Training users in online communities is important for making high performing contributors. However, several conundrums exists in choosing the most effective approaches to training users. For example, if it takes time to learn to do the task correctly, then the initial contributions may not be of high enough quality to be useful. We conducted an online field experiment where we recruited users (N = 386) in a web-based citizen-science project to evaluate the two training approaches. In one training regime, users received one-time training and were asked to learn and apply twenty classes to the data. In the other approach, users were gradually exposed to classes of data that were selected by trained machine learning algorithms as being members of particular classes. The results of our analysis revealed that the gradual training produced {\textquotedblleft}high performing contributors{\textquotedblright}. In our comparison of the treatment and control groups we found users who experienced gradual training performed significantly better on the task (an average accuracy of 90\% vs. 54\%), contributed more work (an average of 228 vs. 121 classifications), and were retained in the project for a longer period of time (an average of 2.5 vs. 2 sessions). The results suggests online production communities seeking to train newcomers would benefit from training regimes that gradually introduce them to the work of the project using real tasks.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2019.106198}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/MLGT-preprint.pdf}, author = {Corey Jackson and Carsten {\O}sterlund and Kevin Crowston and Mahboobeh Harandi and Sarah Allen and Sara Bahaadini and Scott Coughlin and Vicky Kalogera and Aggelos Katsaggelos and Shane Larson and Neda Rohani and Joshua Smith and Laura Trouille and Michael Zevin} } @article {2019, title = {Classifying the unknown: Discovering novel gravitational-wave detector glitches using similarity learning}, journal = {Physical Review D}, volume = {99}, year = {2019}, pages = {082002}, abstract = {

The observation of gravitational waves from compact binary coalescences by LIGO and Virgo has begun a new era in astronomy. A critical challenge in making detections is determining whether loud transient features in the data are caused by gravitational waves or by instrumental or environmental sources. The citizen-science project Gravity Spy has been demonstrated as an efficient infrastructure for classifying known types of noise transients (glitches) through a combination of data analysis performed by both citizen volunteers and machine learning. We present the next iteration of this project, using similarity indices to empower citizen scientists to create large data sets of unknown transients, which can then be used to facilitate supervised machine-learning characterization. This new evolution aims to alleviate a persistent challenge that plagues both citizen-science and instrumental detector work: the ability to build large samples of relatively rare events. Using two families of transient noise that appeared unexpectedly during LIGO{\textquoteright}s second observing run, we demonstrate the impact that the similarity indices could have had on finding these new glitch types in the Gravity Spy program.

}, issn = {2470-0010}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.99.082002}, author = {Scott Coughlin and Sara Bahaadini and Neda Rohani and Michael Zevin and Patane, Oli and Mahboobeh Harandi and Corey Brian Jackson and Noroozi, V. and Sarah Allen and Areeda, J. and Coughlin, M. and Ruiz, P. and Berry, C. P. L. and Kevin Crowston and Aggelos Katsaggelos and Andrew Lundgren and Carsten {\O}sterlund and Joshua Smith and Laura Trouille and Vicky Kalogera} } @proceedings {9999, title = {Coordination in OSS 2.0: ANT Approach}, year = {2019}, abstract = {

Open source software projects are increasingly driven by a combination of independent and professional developers, the former volunteers and the later hired by a company to contribute to the project to support commercial product development. This mix of developers has been referred to as OSS 2.0. However, we do not fully understand the multi-layered coordination spanning individuals, teams, and organizations. Using Actor-Network Theory (ANT), we describe how coordination and power dynamics unfold among developers and how different tools and artifacts both display activities and mediate coordination efforts. Internal communication within an organization was reported to cause broken links in the community, duplication of work, and political tensions. ANT shows how tools and code can exercise agency and alter a software development process as an equivalently active actor of the scene. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the changing nature of open source software development.

}, keywords = {actor-network theory, free/libre open source, Stigmergy}, doi = {10.24251/HICSS.2019.120}, url = { http://hdl.handle.net/10125/59538}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/hicss52a-sub2136-cam-i8-2.pdf}, author = {Sangseok You and Kevin Crowston and Jeffery Saltz and Yatish Hegde} } @proceedings {9999, title = {Helping data science students develop task modularity}, year = {2019}, abstract = {

This paper explores the skills needed to be a data scientist. Specifically, we report on a mixed method study of a project-based data science class, where we evaluated student effectiveness with respect to dividing a project into appropriately sized modular tasks, which we termed task modularity. Our results suggest that while data science students can appreciate the value of task modularity, they struggle to achieve effective task modularity. As a first step, based our study, we identified six task decomposition best practices. However, these best practices do not fully address this gap of how to enable data science students to effectively use task modularity. We note that while computer science/information system programs typically teach modularity (e.g., the decomposition process and abstraction), and there remains a need identify a corresponding model to that used for computer science / information system students, to teach modularity to data science students.

}, keywords = {data science, modularity, Stigmergy}, doi = {10.24251/HICSS.2019.134}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10125/59549}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/modularity-HICSS-final-afterReview.pdf}, author = {Jeffery Saltz and Heckman, Robert and Kevin Crowston and Sangseok You and Yatish Hegde} } @article {2019, title = {Socio-technical affordances for stigmergic coordination implemented in MIDST, a tool for data-science teams}, journal = {Proceedings of the ACM }, volume = {3}, year = {2019}, pages = {Article 117}, abstract = {

We present a conceptual framework for socio-technical affordances for stigmergic coordination, that is, coordination supported by a shared work product. Based on research on free/libre open source software development, we theorize that stigmergic coordination depends on three sets of socio-technical affordances: the visibility and combinability of the work, along with defined genres of work contributions. As a demonstration of the utility of the developed framework, we use it as the basis for the design and implementation of a system, MIDST, that supports these affordances and that we thus expect to support stigmergic coordination. We describe an initial assessment of the impact of the tool on the work of project teams of three to six data-science students that suggests that the tool was useful but also in need of further development. We conclude with plans for future research and an assessment of theory-driven system design.

}, keywords = {stigmergic coordination; translucency; awareness; data-science teams}, doi = {10.1145/3359219}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/cscw117-crowstonA.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Jeffery Saltz and Amira Rezgui and Yatish Hegde and Sangseok You} } @article {9999, title = {Attitudes and norms affecting scientists{\textquoteright} data reuse}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {12}, year = {2017}, chapter = {e0189288}, abstract = {The value of sharing data comes partly from the data{\textquoteright}s being reused by other scientists, but questions regarding attitudes and norms that predict scientists{\textquoteright} data reuse remain open. We test the relationship between scientists{\textquoteright} beliefs and attitudes towards data reuse and their self-reported data reuse behaviour using responses to selected questions from a worldwide survey developed and administered by the DataONE Usability and Assessment Working Group. The data suggest first that data sharing and data reuse are largely separate phenomena. Second, the perceived efficacy of data reuse for answering research questions was found to be one of the strongest predictors of reuse behaviour. On the other hand, expressed lack of trust in reused data and perceived norms against data reuse did not seem to deter respondents from reuse. Finally, reported use of models and remote-sensed data was associated with more reuse. The results suggest that data reuse would be encouraged by demonstrations of the value and addressing norms about this practice. }, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0189288}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/PONE\%20to\%20share.pdf}, author = {Renata G. Curty and Kevin Crowston and Alison Specht and Bruce Grant and Elizabeth D. Walton} } @proceedings {2017, title = {Comparing data science project management methodologies via a controlled experiment}, year = {2017}, doi = {10.24251/HICSS.2017.120}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10125/41273}, author = {Jeffery Saltz and Shamshurin, Ivan and Kevin Crowston} } @article {9999, title = {Core-periphery communication and the success of free/libre open source software projects}, journal = {Journal of Internet Services and Applications}, volume = {8}, year = {2017}, abstract = {We examine the relationship between communications by core and peripheral members and Free/Libre Open Source Software project success. The study uses data from 74 projects in the Apache Software Foundation Incubator. We conceptualize project success in terms of success building a community, as assessed by graduation from the Incubator. We compare successful and unsuccessful projects on volume of communication and on use of inclusive pronouns as an indication of efforts to create intimacy among team members. An innovation of the paper is that use of inclusive pronouns is measured using natural language processing techniques. We also compare the volume and content of communication produced by core (committer) and peripheral members and by those peripheral members who are later elected to be core members. We find that volume of communication is related to project success but use of inclusive pronouns does not distinguish successful projects. Core members exhibit more contribution and use of inclusive pronouns than peripheral members. }, keywords = {Apache Software Foundation, communication, core and periphery, free/libre open source software (FLOSS), inclusive pronouns, natural language processing, project success}, doi = {10.1186/s13174-017-0061-4}, url = {http://rdcu.be/uguP}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/170707\%20JISA\%20final.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Shamshurin, Ivan} } @article {657, title = {Gravity Spy: Integrating Advanced LIGO Detector Characterization, Machine Learning, and Citizen Science}, journal = {Classical and Quantum Gravity}, volume = {34}, year = {2017}, pages = {064003}, type = {Journal Article}, doi = {10.1088/1361-6382/aa5cea}, author = {Michael Zevin and Scott Coughlin and Sara Bahaadini and Emre Besler and Neda Rohani and Sarah Allen and Miriam Cabero and Kevin Crowston and Aggelos Katsaggelos and Shane Larson and Tae Kyoung Lee and Chris Lintott and Tyson Littenberg and Andrew Lundgren and Carsten Oesterlund and Joshua Smith and Laura Trouille and Vicky Kalogera} } @inbook {2017, title = {Lessons Learned from a Decade of FLOSS Data Collection}, booktitle = {Big Data Factories}, year = {2017}, pages = {79 - 100}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, organization = {Springer International Publishing}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-319-59185-8}, issn = {2509-9574}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-59186-5}, url = {http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-59186-5}, author = {Crowston, Kevin and Squire, Megan}, editor = {Matei, Sorin Adam and Jullien, Nicolas and Goggins, Sean P.} } @article {9998, title = {Alignment in an inter-organisational network: the case of ARC transistance}, journal = {European Journal of Information Systems}, volume = {25}, year = {2016}, pages = {553{\textendash}568}, abstract = {We consider the processes of achieving alignment in coordinated inter-organizational networks through a case study of a system development project in ARC Transistance, a network of European automobile clubs that cooperate to provide pan-European service. The theoretical contribution of the paper is, first, an extended strategic alignment model for inter-organizational networks that distinguishes between integration of IS with business strategy and infrastructure, and what we label {\textquoteleft}accordance{\textquoteright} between the strategies and infrastructures of the network and the member firms. Second, we propose that for a network organization, network and member strategies might be complementary as well as tightly coupled. We similarly argue that IS architectures for networks should strive for being {\textquoteleft}business strategy-neutral{\textquoteright} to more easily accommodate the diversity of members. Finally, we discuss how the process of developing a network information system can be a driver towards network alignment, but how the lack of effective governance structures makes alignment harder to achieve.}, issn = {1476-9344}, doi = {10.1057/ejis.2016.9}, url = {http://rdcu.be/nvvw}, author = {Bernhard Katzy and Sung, Gordon and Kevin Crowston} } @conference {2016, title = {Core-Periphery Communication and the Success of Free/Libre Open Source Software Projects}, booktitle = {IFIP International Conference on Open Source Systems}, year = {2016}, pages = {45{\textendash}56}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, abstract = {We examine the relationship between communications by core and peripheral members and Free/Libre Open Source Software project success. The study uses data from 74 projects in the Apache Software Foundation Incubator. We conceptualize project success in terms of success building a community, as assessed by graduation from the Incubator. We compare successful and unsuccessful projects on volume of communication by core (committer) and peripheral community members and on use of inclusive pronouns as an indication of efforts to create intimacy among team members. An innovation of the paper is that use of inclusive pronouns is measured using natural language processing techniques. We find that core and peripheral members differ in their volume of contribution and in their use of inclusive pronouns, and that volume of communication is related to project success. }, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-39225-7_4}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/OSS2016.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Shamshurin, Ivan} } @article {9998, title = {Assessing IS research impact}, journal = {Communications of the Association for Information Systems}, volume = {36}, year = {2015}, chapter = {Article 7}, abstract = {

Based on the International Conference on Information Systems{\textquoteright} (ICIS) 2013 senior scholars{\textquoteright} forum, this paper shares insights on IS research impact assessment. We define research impact as conducting research that makes a difference to individuals, businesses, industries and societies. While assessment groups like AACSB (the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business) want scholars to make an impact, sometimes they operationalize impact in ways that may encourage scholars to pursue research goals tangential to making a difference. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate thinking in the IS community on creating research assessment techniques that encourage our scholars to make a difference.

}, doi = {10.17705/1CAIS.03607}, author = {Niederman, Fred and Kevin Crowston and Koch, Hope and Krcmar, Helmut and Powell, Philip and E. Burton Swanson} } @article {9999, title = {Perceived Discontinuities and Continuities in Transdisciplinary Scientific Working Groups}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, volume = {534}, year = {2015}, pages = {159-172 }, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.121}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/D1\%20Discontinuities\%20to\%20distribute.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Alison Specht and Carol Hoover and Chudoba, Katherine M. and Mary Beth Watson-Manheim} } @article {9999, title = {Social Networks and the Success of Market Intermediaries: Evidence from the US Residential Real Estate Industry}, journal = {The Information Society}, volume = {31}, year = {2015}, month = {9/2015}, pages = {361-378}, abstract = {We examine the roles of market intermediaries in brokering connections among otherwise disconnected social networks. Market intermediaries are usually thought of as simply bringing together buyers and sellers with whom they have weak ties. However, intermediaries may also connect principals with other professionals who can provide assistance with the transaction. Because they are involved in repeated transactions, market intermediaries generally have strong ties with such professionals. We address the question of which set of relations{\textemdash}weak ties to buyers and sellers or strong ties to other professionals{\textemdash}are more important to the success of market intermediaries, using data from the US residential real estate industry{\textemdash}a setting in which transactions are complex and market intermediaries are common. From a national survey of 525 realtors, we find that strong tie relations are more important than weak ties as predictor of the market intermediary{\textquoteright}s income, counter to the general wisdom about real estate in particular and market intermediaries more generally. This finding suggests that market intermediaries may become more successful by developing strong relations with other related professionals. The strong-tie arrangements among professional market intermediaries may behave like {\textquoteleft}quasi-firms{\textquoteright} that help buyers and sellers navigate complex market transactions. }, doi = {10.1080/01972243.2015.1041665}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/The\%20Role\%20of\%20Market\%20Intermediaries\%20final\%20to\%20distribute.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Sawyer, Steve and Rolf Wigand} } @article {9998, title = {Digital assemblages: Evidence and theorizing from the computerization of the U.S. residential real estate industry}, journal = {New Technology, Work and Employment}, volume = {29}, year = {2014}, month = {3/2014}, pages = {40-56}, abstract = {The contribution of this paper is to theorize on the roles information and communication technologies (ICT) play in reshaping work arrangements and specifically to advance the concept of a digital assemblage as a lens for this analysis. We pursue an alternative conceptualization of the role of ICT: computerization. The fundamental premise of computerization is that actors are embedded in transactions and that ICT are taken up and used to support this embedding rather than for purposes of strict economic rationality. This work draws on data from a study of the U.S. residential real estate industry, which serves here as a {\textquotedblleft}living laboratory{\textquotedblright} for studying information-intensive industries. }, doi = {10.1111/ntwe.12020}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Real_estate_assemblages_ntwe_2014_to_share_sawyer_crowston_wigand.pdf}, author = {Sawyer, Steve and Kevin Crowston and Rolf Wigand} } @conference {2013, title = {Forgotten island: A story-driven citizen science adventure}, booktitle = {CHI {\textquoteright}13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, year = {2013}, month = {4/2013}, pages = {2643{\textendash}2646}, publisher = {ACM Press}, organization = {ACM Press}, address = {Paris, France}, abstract = {

Forgotten Island, a citizen science video game, is part of an NSF-funded design science research project, Citizen Sort. It is a mechanism to help life scientists classify photographs of living things and a research tool to help HCI and information science scholars explore storytelling, engagement, and the quality of citizenproduced data in the context of citizen science.

}, isbn = {9781450319522}, doi = {10.1145/2468356.2479484}, url = {http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/2480000/2479484/p2643-prestopnik.pdf}, author = {Nathan Prestopnik and Souid, Dania} } @conference {2012, title = {Team dynamics in long-standing technology-supported virtual teams}, booktitle = {Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Organizational Behaviour Division}, year = {2012}, month = {8/2012}, address = {Boston, MA}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ACADEMY\%20PAPER\%20FINAL.pdf}, author = {Misiolek, Nora and Kevin Crowston and Joshua Seymour} } @conference {2011, title = {Mechanisms for Data Quality and Validation in Citizen Science}, booktitle = {"Computing for Citizen Science" workshop at the IEEE eScience Conference}, year = {2011}, month = {12/2011}, address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, abstract = {Data quality is a primary concern for researchers employing public participation in scientific research, or {\textquotedblleft}citizen science,{\textquotedblright} to accomplish data collection and analysis tasks. This mode of scientific collaboration relies on contributions from a large, often unknown population of volunteers with widely variable expertise. In this paper, we review the commonly employed mechanisms for ensuring data quality. We also discuss results of a survey of citizen science projects that reports on the use of some of these mechanisms, noting that it is most common for projects to employ multiple mechanisms to ensure data quality and appropriate levels of validation.}, keywords = {Citizen Science, data quality, data validation}, url = {http://itee.uq.edu.au/~eresearch/workshops/compcitsci2011/index.html}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/PID2090593.pdf}, author = {Wiggins, Andrea and Newman, Greg and Stevenson, Robert D. and Kevin Crowston} } @inbook {2010, title = {Problems in the use-centered development of a taxonomy of web genres}, booktitle = {Genres on the Web: Computational Models and Empirical Studies}, series = {Series: Text, Speech and Language Technology (Series Editors: Ide, Nancy \& V{\'e}ronis, Jean)}, volume = {42}, year = {2010}, month = {2010}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, chapter = {3}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-90-481-9177-2}, doi = {10.1007/978-90-481-9178-9}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/081024\%20book\%20chapter\%20as\%20submitted.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Kwa{\'s}nik, Barbara H. and Rubleske, Joe}, editor = {Mehler, Alexander and Sharoff, Serge and Santini, Marina} } @proceedings {Scialdone:2009, title = {Group Maintenance Behaviours of Core and Peripheral Members of Free/Libre Open Source Software Teams}, year = {2009}, address = {Skövde, Sweden, 3-6 June}, abstract = {Group Maintenance is pro-social, discretionary, and relation-building behavior that occurs between members of groups in order to maintain reciprocal trust and cooperation. This paper considers how Free/libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) teams demonstrate such behaviors within the context of e-mail, as this is the primary medium through which such teams communicate. We compare group maintenance behaviors between both core and peripheral members of these groups, as well as behaviors between a group that remains producing software today and one which has since dissolved. Our findings indicate that negative politeness tactics (those which show respect for the autonomy of others) may be the most instrumental group maintenance behaviors that contribute to a FLOSS group{\textquoteleft}s ability to survive and continue software production. }, keywords = {FLOSS, Group Maintenance}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/34finalmjs.pdf}, author = {Scialdone, Michael J. and Heckman, Robert and Kevin Crowston}, editor = {Boldyreff, Cornelia and Kevin Crowston and Lundell, Bj{\"o}rn and Wasserman, Tony} } @article {Crowston:2008, title = {Bug Fixing Practices within Free/Libre Open Source Software Development Teams}, journal = {Journal of Database Management}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {1{\textendash}30}, abstract = {Free/libre open source software (FLOSS, e.g., Linux or Apache) is primarily developed by distributed teams. Developers contribute from around the world and coordinate their activity almost exclusively by means of email and bulletin boards, yet some how profit from the advantages and evade the challenges of distributed software development. In this article we investigate the structure and the coordination practices adopted by development teams during the bug-fixing process, which is considered one of main areas of FLOSS project success. In particular, based on a codification of the messages recorded in the bug tracking system of four projects, we identify the accomplished tasks, the adopted coordination mechanisms, and the role undertaken by both the FLOSS development team and the FLOSS community. We conclude with suggestions for further research.}, issn = {1063-8016 }, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/jdbm2008.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Scozzi, Barbara} } @proceedings {Scialdone:2008, title = {Group Maintenance in Technology-Supported Distributed Teams}, year = {2008}, address = {Anaheim, CA, 9-13 August}, abstract = {Are geographically-distributed teams which exhibit high levels of group maintenance between members successful? We answer this through content analysis of emails from two Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) teams. Our results illustrate that the groups utilize low levels of organizational citizenship behaviors and high levels of positive politeness actions.}, keywords = {FLOSS, Group Maintenance}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/GroupMaintenance.pdf}, author = {Scialdone, Michael J. and Li, Na and James Howison and Heckman, Robert and Kevin Crowston} } @proceedings {Scozzi:2008, title = {Shared mental models among open source software developers}, year = {2008}, address = {Big Island, Hawai{\textquoteright}i, 7-10 January}, abstract = {Shared understandings are important for software development as they guide to effective individual contributions to, and coordination of, the software development process. In this paper, we present the results of a preliminary analysis on shared mental models within Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) development teams. Based on structuration theory and by adopting cognitive mapping and process analysis, we represented and com-pared the mental models of some developers of the Lucene Java project. Our analysis suggests that there is a high-level of sharing among core developers but the shar-ing is not complete, with some differences related to ten-ure in the project.}, doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2008.391}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/SharedMntalModels.pdf}, author = {Scozzi, Barbara and Kevin Crowston and Eseryel, U. Yeliz and Li, Qing} } @article {Howison:2008a, title = {Towards a data and workflow collaboratory for research on Free and Open Source Software and its development (Poster)}, year = {2008}, address = {Los Angeles, CA}, keywords = {eScience, FLOSS, Workflow}, author = {James Howison and Squire, Megan and Kevin Crowston} } @article {Howison:2007, title = {Building a collaboratory for research on open source software development (Poster)}, year = {2007}, address = {Ann Arbor, MI}, keywords = {eScience, FLOSS}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Howison_eSocSciPoster-small.pdf}, author = {James Howison and Squire, Megan and Kevin Crowston} } @proceedings {Katzy:2007, title = {Competency rallying processes in virtual organizations}, year = {2007}, pages = {67{\textendash}83}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Portland, OR}, abstract = {Firms face an environment changing at an increasingly rapid pace. Unfortunately, the speed at which organizations can adapt their strategies and competencies to exploit such opportunities remains limited. In this paper we weave together an external perspective on market-facing with an internal perspective on competency development and marshalling to describe the organizational activities necessary for firms to cooperate within a virtual organization. We argue that firms can address their individual limitations through a systematic process that we call {\textquotedblleft}competence rallying,{\textquotedblright} with which they can access market opportunities and additional needed competencies. Specifically, we present a local process theory of how one network of firms reliably engineers and delivers manufacturing projects using an inter-organizational process that works to meet short-term market opportunities. Our theory is grounded in the experiences of the Virtuelle Fabrik project, an organized network for regional cooperation in the manufacturing industry around the Bodensee in Europe. The success of manufacturing projects in a virtual organization is predicated on specific organizational activities in four phases of the competence rallying process: 1) identification and development of competencies, 2) identification and facing of market opportunities, 3) marshalling of competencies, and 4) a short-term cooperative effort. The Virtuelle Fabrik project was started by the Institute for Technology Management, University of St. Gallen. Financial support was provided by The Swiss Commission for Scientific Research (KwF) and the Virtuelle Fabrik partner companies. The Virtuelle Fabrik project team included G{\"u}nter Schuh, Bernhard Katzy, Kai Millarg, Thomas Zehnder, Stefan Eisen, and {\r A}sa G{\"o}ransson, as well as managers from the partner firms. The authors thank all of the participants in the Virtuelle Fabrik for their contributions and in particular, for the many discussions that led to the concepts discussed in this paper. The authors take sole responsibility for the work presented here. This paper has benefited greatly from discussion with Paul van Fenema, Steven Sawyer, Ping Zhang, Robert Heckman, Barbara Kwasnik, and Gisela von Dran. }, keywords = {Virtual Organization}, doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-73025-7_7}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/070227\%20vf\%20for\%20ifip.pdf}, author = {Bernhard Katzy and Kevin Crowston}, editor = {Kevin Crowston and Seiber, Sandra} } @article {2007, title = {Investigating the Dynamics of FLOSS Development Teams (Poster)}, year = {2007}, note = {SD 2007 poster - Full Adobe PDF 2007 HSD PI{\textquoteright}s conference poster reporting on the grant project work to date in a full Adobe PDF file. HSD 2007 poster - Small PDF HSD 2007 conference grant progress reporting poster in a smaller PDF file. }, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/HSDposter_8.ai_.pdf , https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/HSDposter_8.pdf}, author = {Li, Na and Li, Qing and Kangning Wei and Heckman, Robert and Eseryel, U. Yeliz and Liddy, Elizabeth D. and James Howison and Kevin Crowston and Allen, Eileen E. and Scialdone, Michael J. and Inoue, Keisuke and Harwell, Sarah and Rowe, Steven and McCracken, Nancy and Wiggins, Andrea} } @article {2007, title = {A proposed data and analysis archive for research on Free and Open Source Software and its development (Poster)}, year = {2007}, address = {Ann Arbor, MI}, keywords = {FLOSS}, author = {James Howison and Squire, Megan and Kevin Crowston} } @article {2007, title = {A proposed data and analysis archive for research on Free and Open Source Software and its development (Poster)}, year = {2007}, keywords = {FLOSS}, author = {James Howison and Squire, Megan and Kevin Crowston} } @proceedings {Heckman:2007a, title = {A structurational perspective on leadership in virtual teams}, year = {2007}, pages = {151{\textendash}168}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Portland, OR}, abstract = {Building on behavioural leadership theory and structuration theory, we present a two-order theory of leadership. It describes four classes of first-order leadership behaviours (task coordination, substantive task contribution, group maintenance and boundary spanning) and defines second-order leadership as behaviour that influences changes in the structure that guides group action. We argue that second-order leadership is enabled by first-order leadership and is therefore action embedded and grounded in processes that define the social identity of the group. We propose that effective virtual teams will exhibit a paradoxical combination of shared, distributed first-order leadership complemented by strong, concentrated, and centralized second-order leadership. We conclude by suggesting future research that might be conducted to test and further elaborate our theory.}, keywords = {FLOSS, Leadership}, doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-73025-7_12}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/AStructurationalPerspectiveOnLeadership.pdf}, author = {Heckman, Robert and Kevin Crowston and Misiolek, Nora}, editor = {Kevin Crowston and Seiber, Sandra} } @proceedings {, title = {The role of mental models in FLOSS development work practices}, year = {2006}, pages = {91-97}, address = {Lake Como, Italy, 8{\textendash}9 June}, abstract = {Shared understandings are important for software development as they guide to effective individual contributions to, and coordination of, the software development process. In this paper, we present the theoretical background and research design for a proposed study on shared mental models within Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) development teams. In particular, we plan to perform case studies on several projects and to use cognitive maps analysis to represent and compare the mental models of the involved members so as to gauge the degree of common knowledge and the development of a collective mind as well as to better understand the reasons that underlie team members actions and the way common mental models, if any, arise.}, keywords = {FLOSS, Mental Model}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/oss2006crowstonscozzi.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Scozzi, Barbara} } @article {Scozzi:2005, title = {Methods for modeling and supporting innovation processes in SMEs}, journal = {European Journal of Innovation Management}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {120{\textendash}137}, abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} Sets out to investigate business modeling techniques (BMTs) which can be used to support and improve innovation processes within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} Based on a literature review, different analysis perspectives on innovation processes are identified and discussed, and some firm needs and problems are pointed out. The importance of BMTs to firms is further tested by an empirical study whose initial results are reported. Finally, by matching problems and techniques characterized by the same ontology, the BMTs most suitable to address SME needs are identified and their role within the innovation process discussed. Findings {\textendash} The main result of the paper is the identification of the problems facing SMEs in innovation processes and the possible support offered by BMTs. Though methods and models alone do not assure the success in the innovation development process (IDP), they are enabling factors and can support the creation of strategies, reasoning, insights and communication. Originality/value {\textendash} The adoption of such BMTs, facilitating the codification of the characteristics of the IDP, might be particularly useful in those environments where, due to the lack of specialized resources, it is difficult to structure all of the information related to the innovation process and to exploit the related benefits and opportunities. }, keywords = {Coordination, Organizational Modelling}, doi = {10.1108/14601060510578619}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/MethodsForModeling.pdf}, author = {Scozzi, Barbara and Garavelli, C. and Kevin Crowston} } @article {Sawyer:2005, title = {Redefining access: Uses and roles of information and communication technologies in the US residential real estate industry from 1995 to 2005}, journal = {Journal of Information Technology}, volume = {20}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {213{\textendash}233}, abstract = {We discuss three industry-level changes in the US residential real estate industry due, in part, to the take up and uses of information and communication technologies (ICT): (1) changes in the processes of transacting residential real estate, (2) changing roles for information, and (3) changing nature of intermediation, with the real estate transaction as more complex than the seller{\textendash}agent{\textendash}buyer simplification would suggest. We speculate that these changes are currently indeterminate due to ongoing confusion among the impacts of first and second-level effects, the roles of ICT in redefining access to data, and the importance of localized, social structures of real estate markets. To develop these findings, we take an institutional perspective and draw on multiple data collection methods. This provides us a means to highlight the value of an institutional perspective for studying industrial-level change.}, keywords = {Computer-Mediated Communication, Real Estate}, doi = {10.1057/palgrave.jit.2000049}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/jit05.pdf}, author = {Sawyer, Steve and Rolf Wigand and Kevin Crowston} } @conference {Crowston:2004, title = {Coordination practices for bug fixing within FLOSS development teams}, booktitle = {1st International Workshop on Computer Supported Activity Coordination, 6th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems}, year = {2004}, address = {Porto, Portugal}, abstract = {Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) is primarily developed by distributed teams. Developers contribute from around the world and coordinate their activity almost exclusively by means of email and bulletin boards. FLOSS development teams some how profit from the advantages and evade the challenges of distributed software development. Despite the relevance of the FLOSS both for research and practice, few studies have investigated the work practices adopted by these development teams. In this paper we investigate the structure and the coordination practices adopted by development teams during the bug-fixing process, which is considered one of main areas of FLOSS project success. In particular, based on a codification of the messages recorded in the bug tracking system of four projects, we identify the accomplished tasks, the adopted coordination mechanisms, and the role undertaken by both the FLOSS development team and the FLOSS community. We conclude with suggestions for further research.}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/scozzi04coordination.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Scozzi, Barbara} } @proceedings {, title = {Information Systems in Organizations and Society: Speculating on the Next 25 Years of Research}, year = {2004}, pages = {35-52}, address = {Manchester, UK, July}, abstract = {The community of scholars focused on information systems in organizations and society (the IFIP 8.2 community) has grown in number, voice, and influence over the last 25 years. What will this community contribute during the next 25 years? We speculate on two possible areas: more articulate conceptualizations of information systems and more detailed socio-technical theories of their effects. For both of these possibilities, we project forward from the historical trajectory of the IFIP 8.2 community{\textquoteright}s involvement. Like all speculative scholarship, our argumentation is more about imagining possible directions than arguing the superiority of one particular view relative to all others. This considered speculation is directed at both stirring the community{\textquoteright}s collective mind and advancing the value of this community{\textquoteright}s work to interested others. }, keywords = {Information System, Organization}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/sawyer_future-is-research.pdf}, author = {Sawyer, Steve and Kevin Crowston} } @article {Sawyer:2003, title = {The social embeddedness of transactions: Evidence from the residential real estate industry}, journal = {The Information Society}, volume = {19}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, pages = {135{\textendash}154}, abstract = {Information and communications technologies (ICT) are becoming pervasive in the residential real-estate industry and their usage is affecting the work lives of real-estate agents. Drawing on data from a regional study of the residential real-estate industry in the United States, we focus on the disintermediation or, more accurately, the reintermediation of real-estate agents in the sales process. Using data collected from interviews, direct observation, and archival records, we examine how real-estate agents are (1) taking advantage of new ICT in their work, and (2) protecting themselves from others wishing to displace their position in the real-estate value chain. Our analysis of this activity draws on two contrasting theoretical perspectives to illuminate the roles of residential real-estate agents: transaction cost and social capital. The results of this study provide insights into the ways in which ICT are used to build and draw on the social relationships that underpin the actual transactions, to help guide the process of buying/selling a house, and to invoke expertise as needed. }, keywords = {Computer-Mediated Communication, Coordination, Real Estate}, doi = {10.1080/01972240309460}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/tis2001final.pdf}, author = {Sawyer, Steve and Kevin Crowston and Rolf Wigand and Allbritton, Marcel} } @article {Crowston:2002, title = {Open source software projects as virtual organizations: Competency rallying for software development}, journal = {IEE Proceedings Software}, volume = {149}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {3{\textendash}17}, abstract = {The contribution of this paper is the identification and testing of factors important for the success of Open Source Software (OSS) projects. We present an analysis of OSS communities as virtual organizations and apply Katzy and Crowston{\textquoteright}s competency rallying (CR) theory to the case of OSS development projects. CR theory suggests that project participants must develop necessary competencies, identify and understand market opportunities, marshal competencies to meet the opportunity and manage a short-term cooperative process. Using data collected from 7477 OSS projects hosted by the SourceForge system (http://sourceforge.net/), we formulate and test a set of specific hypotheses derived from CR theory. The empirical data analysis supports the majority of these hypotheses, suggesting that CR theory provides a useful lens for studying OSS projects.}, issn = {1462-5970 }, doi = {10.1049/ip-sen:20020197}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/iee2002.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Scozzi, Barbara} } @proceedings {Wigand:2001, title = {Information and communication technologies in the real estate industry: Results of a pilot survey [Research in progress]}, year = {2001}, pages = {339-343}, address = {Bled, Slovenia}, abstract = {We have been studying the growing use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the residential real estate industry and the effects of this use on how realtors work. Earlier stages of our project involved qualitative research to develop a better understanding of the industry, the work of realtors and their use of ICT. In this paper we report on the results of qualitative research and a pilot of a survey intended to gather large-scale data on realtors and ICT use.}, keywords = {Real Estate}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ecis2001.pdf}, author = {Rolf Wigand and Kevin Crowston and Sawyer, Steve and Allbritton, Marcel}, editor = {Smithson, Steve and Gricar, Joze and Podlogar, Mateja and Avgerinou, Sophia} } @article {Crowston:2001, title = {Investigating the interplay between structure and information and communications technology in the real estate industry}, journal = {Information, Technology \& People}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {163{\textendash}183}, abstract = {Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are reshaping many industries, often by reshaping how information is shared. However, while the effects and uses of ICT are often associated with organizations (and industries), their use occurs at the individual level. To explore the relationships between individual uses of ICT and changes to organization and industry structures, we examined the residential real estate industry. As agents, buyers and sellers increase their uses of ICT, they also change how they approach their daily work. The increasing uses of ICT are simultaneously altering industry structures by subverting some of the realtors{\textquoteright} control over information while also reinforcing the existing contract-based structures. This structurational perspective and our findings help to explain why information intermediaries persist when technology-based perspectives would suggest their disappearance.}, keywords = {Real Estate}, doi = {10.1108/09593840110695749}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/itp2001.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Sawyer, Steve and Rolf Wigand} } @proceedings {Sawyer:2000, title = {How do information and communication technologies reshape work? Evidence from the residential real estate industry}, year = {2000}, address = {Brisbane, Australia, December 10{\textendash}13}, abstract = {We are exploring how information and communication technology (ICT) use affects the work lives of real estate agents, the process of selling/buying houses, and the overall structure of the residential real estate industry. Earlier stages of our work involved intensive field research on how real estate agents use ICT. In this paper, we report on the design and analysis of a pilot survey of 868 agents intended to investigate their ICT use more generally. Analysis of the 153 responses to this survey sheds light on how ICT use supports information control, enables process support, and helps agents to extend and maintain their social capital.}, keywords = {Real Estate}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/00RIP21.pdf}, author = {Sawyer, Steve and Kevin Crowston and Allbritton, Marcel and Rolf Wigand} } @proceedings {Sawyer:1999a, title = {ICT in the real estate industry: Agents and social capital}, year = {1999}, address = {Milwaukee, WI}, abstract = {For the past year, we have been involved in a study of the ways in which information and communications technologies (ICT) are becoming pervasive in the residential real estate industry and their effects on the work lives of real estate agents. Our initial results suggest that analyzing an agent{\textquoteright}s social capital{\textendash}the set of social resources embedded in relationships{\textendash}provides insight into how real estate agents work and how that work is affected by ICT. Social capital has three components: structural, relational, and cognitive. ICT use affects all three components. }, keywords = {Real Estate}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ICT\%20in\%20the\%20real\%20estate\%20industry\%20Agents\%20and\%20social\%20capital.pdf}, author = {Sawyer, Steve and Kevin Crowston and Rolf Wigand} } @proceedings {Crowston:1996, title = {Market-enabling Internet agents}, year = {1996}, address = {Columbus, OH, December}, abstract = {The growth of the Internet offers a vision of ubiquitous electronic commerce. A particularly exciting feature of Internet commerce is the ability to automate the search for price or other product information across multiple suppliers by using an {\textquotedblleft}agent{\textquotedblright} to retrieve the relevant information. The use of such agents has the potential to dramatically reduce buyers{\textquoteright} search costs. We argue that such agents effectively transform a diverse set of offerings into an economically efficient market and that their use should therefore be analyzed in these terms. In this paper, we present a simple model of the competitive effects of agents used to support purchasing. The model suggests that agents can be successful for diversified goods but resisted for commodities and near-commodities. We illustrate our model by analyzing the situation of current electronic commerce ventures on the Internet. }, keywords = {Internet Agent}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/icis96.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston}, editor = {DeGross, Janice I. and Jarvenpaa, Sirkka and Srinivasan, Ananth} }