@article {9999, title = {Implications for hybrid newswork from the activities of local US television journalists during COVID}, journal = {Journalism Practice}, year = {In Press}, abstract = {

In response to the COVID-19 crisis, many local television (TV) newsrooms decided to have employees work from home (WFH) or from the field rather than from the newsroom, creating a kind of hybrid work characterized by flexible work location. From a review of research on telework and WFH, we identified possible impacts of WFH on work and on workers, with a particular focus on news work and news workers. Data on the impacts of hybrid work are drawn from interviews with local television news directors and journalists in the United States and observations of remote work. We found that through creative application of technology, WFH news workers could successfully create a newscast, albeit with some concerns about story quality. However, WFH did not seem to satisfy workers{\textquoteright} needs for socialization or learning individually or as a group. Lifted restrictions on gatherings are mitigating some of the experienced problems, but we expect to see continued challenges to news workers{\textquoteright} informal learning in hybrid work settings.

}, doi = {10.1080/17512786.2024.2344643}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Implications\%20for\%20hybrid\%20newswork\%20from\%20the\%20activities\%20of\%20local\%20US\%20television\%20journalists\%20during\%20COVID\%20to\%20share.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Keren Henderson and Kian Loong Lua and Raghav Raheja} } @article {9999, title = {Interdisciplinary collaboration from diverse science teams can produce significant outcomes}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {17}, year = {2022}, chapter = {e0278043}, abstract = {

Scientific teams are increasingly diverse in discipline, international scope and demographics. Diversity has been found to be a driver of innovation but also can be a source of interpersonal friction. Drawing on a mixed-method study of 22 scientific working groups, this paper presents evidence that team diversity has a positive impact on scientific output (i.e., the number of journal papers and citations) through the mediation of the interdisciplinarity of the collaborative process, as evidenced by publishing in and citing more diverse sources. Ironically these factors also seem to be related to lower team member satisfaction and perceived effectiveness, countered by the gender balance of the team. Qualitative data suggests additional factors that facilitate collaboration, such as trust and leadership. Our findings have implications for team design and management, as team diversity seems beneficial, but the process of integration can be difficult and needs management to lead to a productive and innovative process.

}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0278043}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Interdisciplinary\%20collaboration\%20from\%20diverse\%20science\%20teams\%20can\%20produce\%20significant\%20outcomes.pdf}, author = {Alison Specht and Kevin Crowston} } @article {2021, title = {Imagine All the People: Citizen Science, Artificial Intelligence, and Computational Research}, year = {2021}, institution = {Computing Community Consortium (CCC)}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

Machine learning, artificial intelligence, and deep learning have advanced significantly over the past decade. Nonetheless, humans possess unique abilities such as creativity, intuition, context and abstraction, analytic problem solving, and detecting unusual events. To successfully tackle pressing scientific and societal challenges, we need the complementary capabilities of both humans and machines. The Federal Government could accelerate its priorities on multiple fronts through judicious integration of citizen science and crowdsourcing with artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud strategies.

}, url = {https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/CCC-TransitionPaperImagine-All-the-People.pdf}, author = {Lea A. Shanley and Lucy Fortson and Tanya Berger-Wolf and Kevin Crowston and Pietro Michelucci} } @unpublished {9999, title = {The Impacts of Automation on Journalists}, year = {2021}, abstract = {We examined journalists{\textquoteright} tasks as described on the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) website. The tasks we analyzed specifically are those assigned to reporters and correspondents (27-3022.00 - Reporters and Correspondents). From the tasks, we developed a workflow diagram for journalist{\textquoteright}s work. Reviewing the previous relevant literature, we made predictions to explore which journalism tasks are more automatable and which are less automatable, and how the trending advent of technologies such automatic content generation may change journalists{\textquoteright} roles. Highlighting research and practical implications, we conclude the paper with limitations and areas for further research. }, author = {Ayse Dalgali and Kevin Crowston} } @proceedings {9999, title = {Impacts of the Use of Machine Learning on Work Design}, year = {2020}, month = {11/2020}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {Virtual Event, NSW, Australia}, abstract = {

The increased pervasiveness of technological advancements in automation makes it urgent to address the question of how work is changing in response. Focusing on applications of machine learning (ML) to automate information tasks, we draw on a simple framework for identifying the impacts of an automated system on a task that suggests 3 patterns for the use of ML{\textemdash}decision support, blended decision making and complete automation. In this paper, we extend this framework by considering how automation of one task might have implications for interdependent tasks and how automation applies to coordination mechanisms.

}, keywords = {artificial intelligence, automation, Coordination, machine learning, work design}, isbn = {978-1-4503-8054-6/20/11}, doi = {10.1145/3406499.3415070}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Impacts_of_ML_for_HAI_2020.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Bolici, Francesco} } @unpublished {9999, title = {The impact of initial group characteristics on quality in online communities of creation}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Open projects aimed at creating new knowledge (also known as online communities of creation) are increasingly central in the production of new and innovative knowledge. In our research study, we are interested in the impact of initial group characteristics on the quality of the output. We studied in particular Wikipedia in different three languages: Arabic, Romanian and Thai. Our results confirm the importance of the initial project group. We found a positive impact of a large initial group formed by members with an intermediate level of diversity in the focus of their editing but having an equal and lower level of longevity.}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/The_importance_of_initial_core_member_in_online_communities_0.pdf}, author = {Amira Rezgui and Kevin Crowston and Nicolas Jullien} } @proceedings {9999, title = {Impacts of machine learning on work}, year = {2019}, address = {Wailea, HI}, abstract = {

The increased pervasiveness of technological advancements in automation makes it urgent to address the question of how work is changing in response. Focusing on applications of machine learning (ML) that automate information tasks, we present a simple framework for identifying the impacts of an automated system on a task. From an analysis of popular press articles about ML, we develop 3 patterns for the use of ML--decision support, blended decision making and complete automation--with implications for the kinds of tasks and systems. We further consider how automation of one task might have implications for other interdependent tasks. Our main conclusion is that designers have a range of options for systems and that automation of tasks is not the same as automation of work.

}, keywords = {artificial intelligence, automation, machine learning, work design}, doi = {10.24251/HICSS.2019.719}, url = { http://hdl.handle.net/10125/60031}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Impacts_of_machine_learning_on_work__revision_.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Bolici, Francesco} } @proceedings {9998, title = {Inter-team coordination in large-scale agile development: A test of organizational discontinuity theory}, year = {2016}, month = {5/2016}, abstract = {We draw on Organizational Discontinuity Theory (ODT) to identify factors that increase communication and coordination problems between teams working on large software development projects. ODT posits that faced with a disruption in the expected flow of communication, called a discontinuity, individuals must make sense of the disruption to address the problem. They may be motivated to pay more attention to the situation and consider alternative actions to deal with the discontinuity, leading to the emergence of continuities, which are new behaviors, group practices and expectations. Continuities reduce or eliminate the attention and effort required to understand and manage the situation associated with problematic discontinuities. We propose a mixed-method study based on this model to examine the effects of discontinuities and the development of continuities on inter-team coordination in large-scale agile software development. }, doi = {10.1145/2962695.2962697}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/160225\%20XP\%20abstract\%20final\%20v2_1.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Chudoba, Katherine M. and Mary Beth Watson-Manheim and Pouya Rahmati} } @conference {Watson-Manheim:2012, title = {Innovation in academic-industry partnerships: Measuring the challenges to effective performance}, booktitle = {Academy of Management Conference, Technology and Innovation Management Division}, year = {2012}, month = {8/2012}, address = {Boston, MA}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/17445.pdf}, author = {Mary Beth Watson-Manheim and Chudoba, Katherine M. and Kevin Crowston} } @conference {369, title = {Integrated Customer-Focused Knowledge Portals: Design Challenges and Empirical Approaches}, booktitle = {Academy of Management Conference, OCIS Division}, year = {2011}, month = {8/2011}, address = {San Antonio, TX}, abstract = {Knowledge Portals (KPs) are highly integrative Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) that promise to synthesize widely dispersed knowledge and to interconnect individuals by functioning as a {\textquoteright}one-stop knowledge shop{\textquoteright}. Yet, in practice, KPs face major challenges, which are for the most part due to the intricacies of knowledge exchange being subjected to multi-faceted individual and social factors. At the same time, growing anecdotal evidence from case studies indicates KPs{\textquoteright} enormous potential. This paper makes an effort to more distinctly conceptualize KPs and emphasize a KP{\textquoteright}s role to unify networking and repository KMS features. The paper develops three major challenges to successful KP deployment, namely (1) knowledge integration, (2) sufficient participation, and (3) favorable organizational culture and validates these as applicable to KP through a review of 42 empirical papers. The paper concludes with suggestions towards a set of design principles for KP. }, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/14943.pdf}, author = {Claudia L{\"o}bbecke and Kevin Crowston and Nicolas Friederici} } @conference {Wei:2010, title = {The impact of national culture on knowledge sharing in global virtual collaboration}, booktitle = {Proceedings of International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS)}, year = {2010}, month = {12/2010}, address = {St. Louis, MO, USA}, keywords = {Knowledge Sharing, National Culture, Virtuality}, author = {Kangning Wei and Kevin Crowston} } @inbook {2010, title = {Internet Genres}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences}, year = {2010}, publisher = {CRC Press}, organization = {CRC Press}, edition = {3rd ed}, abstract = {Rhetoricians since Aristotle have attempted to classify communications or documents into categories or {\textquotedblleft}genres{\textquotedblright} with similar form, topic or purpose. This article surveys research on genre as it relates to Internet documents. The article briefly presents the concept of genre in general, and then reviews the evolution and emergence of genres on the Internet. It concludes with an examination of the possible use of genre for improving information access on the Internet, with specific discussion of the issues in developing taxonomies of genre and automatically recognizing document genre.}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/elischapter.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston} } @booklet {2009, title = {ICIS 2008 Panel Report: Open Access Publishing to Nurture the Sprouts of Knowledge and the Future of Information Systems Research}, howpublished = {Communications of the Association for Information Systems}, volume = {24}, year = {2009}, abstract = {

The advent of the Internet and the subsequent adoption of Open Access schemata are changing the nature of the scholarly discourse. In response, we seek to stimulate a debate about the role and desired forms of Open Access publishing in the context of the Information System (IS) discipline. We explore the potential contribution of an Open Access perspective on publishing IS-related research and also discuss the roles of traditional journals and their prospects in the contexts of our observations. In particular, we focus on the new possibilities of publishing work-in-progress and its potential benefit for knowledge dissemination including the prospects of turning today{\textquoteright}s limited scholarly exchange into mass collaboration. We illustrate our vision with a working prototype of an Open Access disciplinary repository entitled Sprouts (http://sprouts.aisnet.org). Our aim is to inspire new thinking about the role of Open Access publishing, the potential of its application to disciplinary repositories of emergent work, its anticipated repercussions on our work practices, and its long-term implication for the impact of IS scholarship and the well-being of our community at large. We call for participation and further action in realizing a global repository of IS research in progress. This paper builds on a panel on Open Access that was presented at the 2008 International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), held in Paris, France, in December 2008.

}, keywords = {Information System}, doi = {10.17705/1CAIS.02430}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ICIS\%20Panel\%20Open\%20Access\%20Publishing.pdf}, author = {Avital, Michel and Bj{\"o}rk, Bo-Christer and Boland, Richard J and Kevin Crowston and Lyytinen, Kalle and Majchrzak, Ann} } @article {2007, title = {Investigating the Dynamics of FLOSS Development Teams (Poster)}, year = {2007}, note = {SD 2007 poster - Full Adobe PDF 2007 HSD PI{\textquoteright}s conference poster reporting on the grant project work to date in a full Adobe PDF file. HSD 2007 poster - Small PDF HSD 2007 conference grant progress reporting poster in a smaller PDF file. }, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/HSDposter_8.ai_.pdf , https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/HSDposter_8.pdf}, author = {Li, Na and Li, Qing and Kangning Wei and Heckman, Robert and Eseryel, U. Yeliz and Liddy, Elizabeth D. and James Howison and Kevin Crowston and Allen, Eileen E. and Scialdone, Michael J. and Inoue, Keisuke and Harwell, Sarah and Rowe, Steven and McCracken, Nancy and Wiggins, Andrea} } @article {Crowston:2006, title = {Information systems success in Free and Open Source Software development: Theory and measures}, journal = {Software Process{\textendash}Improvement and Practice}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, year = {2006}, pages = {123{\textendash}148}, abstract = {Information systems success is one of the most widely used dependent variables in information systems (IS) research, but research on Free/Libre and Open Source software (FLOSS) often fails to appropriately conceptualize this important concept. In this paper, we reconsider what success means within a FLOSS context. We first review existing models of IS success and success variables used in FLOSS research and assess them for their usefulness, practicality and fit to the FLOSS context. Then, drawing on a theoretical model of group effectiveness in the FLOSS development process, as well as an online discussion group with developers, we present additional concepts that are central to an appropriate understanding of success for FLOSS. In order to examine the practicality and validity of this conceptual scheme, the second half of our paper presents an empirical study that demonstrates its operationalization of the chosen measures and assesses their internal validity. We use data from SourceForge to measure the project{\textquoteright}s effectiveness in team building, the speed of the project at responding to bug reports and the project{\textquoteright}s popularity. We conclude by discussing the implications of this study for our proposed extension of IS success in the context of FLOSS development and highlight future directions for research.}, keywords = {FLOSS, Success}, doi = {10.1002/spip.259}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/InformationSystemsSuccessInFree.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and James Howison and Annabi, Hala} } @article {2006, title = {Investigating the Dynamics of FLOSS Development Teams (Poster)}, year = {2006}, note = {Poster describing the current state of the project for the HSD Principal Investigators{\textquoteright} conference, 14-15 September 2006, Washington DC.}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/hsd2006poster.pdf}, author = {Li, Qing and Kangning Wei and Heckman, Robert and Eseryel, U. Yeliz and Liddy, Elizabeth D. and James Howison and Kevin Crowston and Allen, Eileen E. and Inoue, Keisuke and Harwell, Sarah and Rowe, Steven and McCracken, Nancy} } @article {Kwasnik:2005, title = {Introduction to the special issue: Genres of digital documents}, journal = {Information, Technology \& People}, volume = {18}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {76{\textendash}88}, abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} To introduce the special issue on {\textquotedblleft}Genres of digital documents.{\textquotedblright} While there are many definitions of genre, most include consideration of the intended communicative purpose, form and sometimes expected content of a document. Most also include the notion of social acceptance, that a document is of a particular genre to the extent that it is recognized as such within a given discourse community. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} The article reviews the notion of document genre and its applicability to studies of digital documents and introduces the four articles in the special issue. Findings {\textendash} Genre can be studied based on intrinsic genre attributes or on the extrinsic function that genre fulfills in human activities. Studies on intrinsic attributes include classifications of genres as clusters of attributes, though these classifications can be problematic because documents can be used in flexible ways. Also, new information technologies have enabled the appearance of novel genres. Studies on extrinsic function include ways to use genre for education or information accesses, as well as the use of genre as a lens for understanding communications in organizations. The four articles in the special issue illustrate these approaches. Originality/value {\textendash} The paper provides a framework that organizes the range of research about genres of digital documents that should be helpful to those reading this research or planning their own studies.}, doi = {10.1108/09593840510601487}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/itp2005genreintro.pdf}, author = {Kwa{\'s}nik, Barbara H. and Kevin Crowston} } @proceedings {, title = {Information Systems in Organizations and Society: Speculating on the Next 25 Years of Research}, year = {2004}, pages = {35-52}, address = {Manchester, UK, July}, abstract = {The community of scholars focused on information systems in organizations and society (the IFIP 8.2 community) has grown in number, voice, and influence over the last 25 years. What will this community contribute during the next 25 years? We speculate on two possible areas: more articulate conceptualizations of information systems and more detailed socio-technical theories of their effects. For both of these possibilities, we project forward from the historical trajectory of the IFIP 8.2 community{\textquoteright}s involvement. Like all speculative scholarship, our argumentation is more about imagining possible directions than arguing the superiority of one particular view relative to all others. This considered speculation is directed at both stirring the community{\textquoteright}s collective mind and advancing the value of this community{\textquoteright}s work to interested others. }, keywords = {Information System, Organization}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/sawyer_future-is-research.pdf}, author = {Sawyer, Steve and Kevin Crowston} } @article {Crowston:2004a, title = {Information technology and the transformation of industries: Three research perspectives}, journal = {Journal of Strategic Information Systems}, volume = {13}, year = {2004}, pages = {5{\textendash}28}, abstract = {It is often claimed that information technology has the potential to transform entire industries. However, we find that very little IS research has been conducted at the industry level. Moreover, the small amount of research that has been conducted on IT and industries has been based largely on just one perspective of industries. Given the scale and potential impact of the changes that are happening at an industry level, we believe a concerted effort is needed to study this phenomenon. We propose a research agenda for studying IT and industries. We suggest three research perspectives for studying IT and industries: an economic perspective, an institutional perspective, and a socio-cultural perspective. Just as IS research that addresses these aspects at the organizational level has grown in recent years and contributed to our understanding of IS, so in this paper we argue that a similar broadening, as well as more studies, are needed at the industry level of analysis. Weprovide an example from the real estate industry to illustrate the usefulness of the three research perspectives.}, keywords = {Information Technology, Real Estate}, doi = {10.1016/j.jsis.2004.02.001}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/JoSIS_2004.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Myers, Michael D.} } @article {Kwasnik:2000, title = {Identifying document genre to improve web search effectiveness}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {23{\textendash}26}, issn = {0095-4403}, doi = {10.1002/bult.194}, url = {http://www.asis.org/Bulletin/Dec-01/kwasnikartic.html}, author = {Kwa{\'s}nik, Barbara H. and Kevin Crowston and Nilan, Michael and Roussinov, Dmitri} } @proceedings {Wigand:2001, title = {Information and communication technologies in the real estate industry: Results of a pilot survey [Research in progress]}, year = {2001}, pages = {339-343}, address = {Bled, Slovenia}, abstract = {We have been studying the growing use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the residential real estate industry and the effects of this use on how realtors work. Earlier stages of our project involved qualitative research to develop a better understanding of the industry, the work of realtors and their use of ICT. In this paper we report on the results of qualitative research and a pilot of a survey intended to gather large-scale data on realtors and ICT use.}, keywords = {Real Estate}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ecis2001.pdf}, author = {Rolf Wigand and Kevin Crowston and Sawyer, Steve and Allbritton, Marcel}, editor = {Smithson, Steve and Gricar, Joze and Podlogar, Mateja and Avgerinou, Sophia} } @article {Crowston:2001, title = {Investigating the interplay between structure and information and communications technology in the real estate industry}, journal = {Information, Technology \& People}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {163{\textendash}183}, abstract = {Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are reshaping many industries, often by reshaping how information is shared. However, while the effects and uses of ICT are often associated with organizations (and industries), their use occurs at the individual level. To explore the relationships between individual uses of ICT and changes to organization and industry structures, we examined the residential real estate industry. As agents, buyers and sellers increase their uses of ICT, they also change how they approach their daily work. The increasing uses of ICT are simultaneously altering industry structures by subverting some of the realtors{\textquoteright} control over information while also reinforcing the existing contract-based structures. This structurational perspective and our findings help to explain why information intermediaries persist when technology-based perspectives would suggest their disappearance.}, keywords = {Real Estate}, doi = {10.1108/09593840110695749}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/itp2001.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Sawyer, Steve and Rolf Wigand} } @proceedings {Sawyer:1999a, title = {ICT in the real estate industry: Agents and social capital}, year = {1999}, address = {Milwaukee, WI}, abstract = {For the past year, we have been involved in a study of the ways in which information and communications technologies (ICT) are becoming pervasive in the residential real estate industry and their effects on the work lives of real estate agents. Our initial results suggest that analyzing an agent{\textquoteright}s social capital{\textendash}the set of social resources embedded in relationships{\textendash}provides insight into how real estate agents work and how that work is affected by ICT. Social capital has three components: structural, relational, and cognitive. ICT use affects all three components. }, keywords = {Real Estate}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ICT\%20in\%20the\%20real\%20estate\%20industry\%20Agents\%20and\%20social\%20capital.pdf}, author = {Sawyer, Steve and Kevin Crowston and Rolf Wigand} } @article {Malone:1994, title = {The interdisciplinary study of coordination}, journal = {Computing Surveys}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, year = {1994}, note = {Reprinted in Olson, G. M, Malone, T. W., and Smith, J. B. (Eds.) Coordination Theory and Collaboration Technology (pp. 7{\textendash}50). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2001. Reprinted in Malone, T. W., Crowston, K. \& Herman, G. (Eds.) Organizing Business Knowledge: The MIT Process Handbook. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002.}, pages = {87{\textendash}119}, publisher = {ACM}, abstract = {This survey characterizes an emerging research area, sometimes called coordination theory, that focuses on the interdisciplinary study of coordination. Research in this area uses and extends ideas about coordination from disciplines such as computer science, organization theory, operations research, economics, linguistics, and psychology. A key insight of the framework presented here is that coordination can be seen as the process of managing dependencies among activities. Further progress, therefore, should be possible by characterizing different kinds of dependencies and identifying the coordination processes that can be used to manage them. A variety of processes are analyzed from this perspective, and commonalities across disciplines are identified. Processes analyzed include those for managing shared resources, producer/consumer relationships, simultaneity constraints, and tank/subtask dependencies. Section 3 summarizes ways of applying a coordination perspective in three different domains: (1) understanding the effects of information technology on human organizations and markets, (2) designing cooperative work tools, and (3) designing distributed and parallel computer systems. In the final section, elements of a research agenda in this new area are briefly outlined. }, keywords = {Coordination}, doi = {10.1145/174666.174668}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/acmcs94.pdf}, author = {Malone, Thomas W. and Kevin Crowston} } @inbook {Crowston:1988, title = {Information technology and work organization}, booktitle = {Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction}, year = {1988}, note = {Reprinted in Thomas J. Allen and Michael S. Scott Morton. (Eds), Information Technology and the Corporation of the 1990s (pp. 249{\textendash}275). New York: Oxford, 1994.}, pages = {1051{\textendash}1070}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, keywords = {Information Technology, Organization}, isbn = {9780444705365}, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/informationtechn00crow.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Malone, Thomas W.}, editor = {Helander, M.} } @article {Crowston:1988b, title = {Intelligent Software Agents}, volume = {13}, number = {December}, year = {1988}, pages = {267{\textendash}271}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, keywords = {Internet Agent}, issn = {0360-5280 }, attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/10.1.1.86.1766.pdf}, author = {Kevin Crowston and Malone, Thomas W.} }