@article {9999,
	title = {Technological Frames: Interpretations about the Futures of Work  and Intelligent Machines on Social Media},
	journal = {Information, Technology \& People},
	year = {2024},
	abstract = {Purpose: This study explores interpretations and feelings about futures of work and intelligent machines expressed on social media.

Design/methodology/approach: We investigate public interpretations, assumptions and expectations expressed in social media conversations through which users freely share their most recent ideas. In addition to frames, this study also coded the emotions and attitudes expressed in the text data. More specifically, a corpus consisting of 998 unique Reddit post titles and their corresponding 16,611 comments were analyzed by using computer-aided textual analysis comprising a BERTopic model, and two BERT text classification models, one for emotion and the other for sentiment analysis, supported by human judgment. Finally, relationships among frames and attitudes and frames and emotions were examined.

Findings: Twelve clusters were found that related to futures of work with intelligent machines. Based on the prior literature, two frames were chosen from these clusters and analyzed in detail: (1) general impacts of intelligent machines on wealth and society and (2) replacement of tasks (augmentation and substitution). The general attitude observed in conversations was positive, moreover the most common emotion category was approval. Findings also showed there are relationships between frames and attitudes and frames and emotions.

Originality: This work extends the prior literature on a topic relevant for academia and industry. Findings of this research can help realize potential needs and benefits from the public{\textquoteright}s vantage point in the case of possible transformations in the future of work with intelligent machines. The findings may also help enlighten researchers to shape research directions about futures of work. Furthermore, firms, organizations or industries may also employ framing methods to receive customers{\textquoteright} or workers{\textquoteright} responses, or even to influence the responses. Aside from the empirical findings, another crucial implication of this work is application of theory of technological frames for systematizing the interpretations of how people conceptualize the future of work with the technology of intelligent machines. This study constitutes a bridge that connects fields of IS, computational science and empirical social research. },
	doi = {10.1108/ITP-01-2023-0049},
	attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/frames\%20to\%20share.pdf},
	author = {Ay{\c s}e {\"O}cal and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {9999,
	title = {Teaching Citizen Scientists to Categorize Glitches using Machine-Learning-Guided Training},
	journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
	volume = {105},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {106198},
	abstract = {<p>Training users in online communities is important for making high performing contributors. However, several conundrums exists in choosing the most effective approaches to training users. For example, if it takes time to learn to do the task correctly, then the initial contributions may not be of high enough quality to be useful. We conducted an online field experiment where we recruited users (N = 386) in a web-based citizen-science project to evaluate the two training approaches. In one training regime, users received one-time training and were asked to learn and apply twenty classes to the data. In the other approach, users were gradually exposed to classes of data that were selected by trained machine learning algorithms as being members of particular classes. The results of our analysis revealed that the gradual training produced {\textquotedblleft}high performing contributors{\textquotedblright}. In our comparison of the treatment and control groups we found users who experienced gradual training performed significantly better on the task (an average accuracy of 90\% vs. 54\%), contributed more work (an average of 228 vs. 121 classifications), and were retained in the project for a longer period of time (an average of 2.5 vs. 2 sessions). The results suggests online production communities seeking to train newcomers would benefit from training regimes that gradually introduce them to the work of the project using real tasks.</p>},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2019.106198},
	attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/MLGT-preprint.pdf},
	author = {Corey Jackson and Carsten {\O}sterlund and Kevin Crowston and Mahboobeh Harandi and Sarah Allen and Sara Bahaadini and Scott Coughlin and Vicky Kalogera and Aggelos Katsaggelos and Shane Larson and Neda Rohani and Joshua Smith and Laura Trouille and Michael Zevin}
}
@conference {2012,
	title = {Team dynamics in long-standing technology-supported virtual teams},
	booktitle = {Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Organizational Behaviour Division},
	year = {2012},
	month = {8/2012},
	address = {Boston, MA},
	attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ACADEMY\%20PAPER\%20FINAL.pdf},
	author = {Misiolek, Nora and Kevin Crowston and Joshua Seymour}
}
@proceedings {417,
	title = {Technology adoption and use: Theory review for studying scientists{\textquoteright} continued use of cyber-infrastructure},
	year = {2011},
	month = {10/2011},
	address = {New Orleans, LA},
	abstract = {In this paper, we seek to identify factors that might increase the likelihood of adoption and continued use of cyber-infrastructure by scientists. To do so, we review the main research on Information and Communications Technology (ICT) adoption and use by addressing research problems, theories and models used, findings, and limitations. We focus particularly on the individual user perspective. We categorize previous studies into two groups: Adoption research and post-adoption (continued use) research. In addition, we review studies specifically regarding cyber-infrastructure adoption and use by scientists and other special user groups. We identify the limitations of previous theories, models and research findings appearing in the literature related to our current interest in scientists{\textquoteright} adoption and continued use of cyber-infrastructure. We synthesize the previous theories and models used for ICT adoption and use, and then we develop a theoretical framework for studying scientists{\textquoteright} adoption and use of cyber-infrastructure. We also proposed a research design based on the research model developed. Implications for researchers and practitioners are provided.},
	attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ASIST2011-Cyber-infrastructureTheoryReview-FinalVersion-1.pdf},
	author = {Kim, Youngseek and Kevin Crowston}
}
@article {Howison:2008a,
	title = {Towards a data and workflow collaboratory for research on Free and Open Source Software and its development (Poster)},
	year = {2008},
	address = {Los Angeles, CA},
	keywords = {eScience, FLOSS, Workflow},
	author = {James Howison and Squire, Megan and Kevin Crowston}
}
@conference {Crowston:2004c,
	title = {Towards a portfolio of FLOSS project success measures},
	booktitle = {Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering, 26th International Conference on Software Engineering},
	year = {2004},
	address = {Edinburgh},
	abstract = {Project success is one of the most widely used dependent variables in information systems research. However, conventional measures of project success are difficult to apply to Free/Libre Open Source Software projects. In this paper, we present an analysis of four measures of success applied to SourceForge projects: number of members of the extended development community, project activity, bug fixing time and number of downloads. We argue that these four measures provide different insights into the collaboration and control mechanisms of the projects.},
	attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/Towards_a_Portfolio_\%20of\%20_FLOSS_Project.pdf},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Annabi, Hala and James Howison and Masango, Chengetai}
}
@inbook {Crowston:1994b,
	title = {A Taxonomy of Organizational Dependencies and Coordination Mechanisms},
	booktitle = {Organizing Business Knowledge: The MIT Process Handbook},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {85-108},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	organization = {MIT Press},
	type = {Working paper},
	abstract = {Interdependency and coordination have been perennial topics in organization studies. The two are related because coordination is seen as a response to problems caused by dependencies. Past studies, however, describe dependencies and coordination mechanisms only in general terms, without characterizing in detail differences between dependencies, the problems dependencies create or how the proposed coordination mechanisms address those problems. This vagueness makes it difficult or impossible to determine what alternative coordination mechanisms might be useful in a given circumstance or to directly translate these alternative designs into specifications of individual activities.

In this paper I develop a taxonomy of dependency types by considering possible combinations of activities using resources. The taxonomy includes task-resource dependencies and three types of task-task dependencies: shared resources, producer-consumer and common output. For each type of dependency, alternative coordination mechanisms are described. I conclude by discussing how the taxonomy helps to analyze organizational processes and suggest alternative processes.

Although you will perform with different ingredients for different dishes, the same general processes are repeated over and over again. As you enlarge your repertoire, you will find that the seemingly endless babble of recipes begins to fall rather neatly into groups of theme and variations...

--Child, Bertholle and Beck (1981, p. vii) },
	keywords = {Coordination},
	isbn = {0585480249},
	attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ATaxonomyOfOrganizationalDependencies.pdf},
	author = {Kevin Crowston},
	editor = {Malone, Thomas W. and Kevin Crowston and Herman, George}
}
@article {Malone:1999,
	title = {Tools for inventing organizations: Toward a handbook of organizational processes},
	journal = {Management Science},
	volume = {45},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Reprinted in Malone, T. W., Crowston, K. \& Herman, G. (Eds.) Organizing Business Knowledge: The MIT Process Handbook. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.
Reprinted in Malone, T. W., Laubacher, R. \& Scott Morton, M. S. (Eds.). Inventing the Organizations of the 21st Century. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.},
	pages = {425{\textendash}443},
	abstract = {This paper describes a novel theoretical and empirical approach to tasks such as business process redesign and knowledge management. The project involves collecting examples of how different organizations perform similar processes, and organizing these examples in an on-line "process handbook." The handbook is intended to help people: (1) redesign existing organizational processes, (2) invent new organizational processes (especially ones that take advantage of information technology), and (3) share ideas about organizational practices. 
A key element of the work is an approach to analyzing processes at various levels of abstraction, thus capturing both the details of specific processes as well as the "deep structure" of their similarities. This approach uses ideas from computer science about inheritance and from coordination theory about managing dependencies. A primary advantage of the approach is that it allows people to explicitly represent the similarities (and differences) among related processes and to easily find or generate sensible alternatives for how a given process could be performed. In addition to describing this new approach, the work reported here demonstrates the basic technical feasibility of these ideas and gives one example of their use in a field study.},
	keywords = {Coordination, Handbook, Process},
	doi = {10.1287/mnsc.45.3.425},
	attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/ms99.pdf},
	author = {Malone, Thomas W. and Kevin Crowston and Lee, Jintae and Pentland, Brian and Dellarocas, Chrysanthos and Wyner, George and Quimby, John and Osborn, Charley and Bernstein, Avi and Herman, George and Klein, Mark and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Elissa}
}
@mastersthesis {Crowston:1991a,
	title = {Towards a Coordination Cookbook: Recipes for Multi-Agent Action},
	year = {1991},
	school = {MIT Sloan School of Management},
	type = {PhD doctoral dissertation},
	abstract = {This thesis presents the first steps towards a theory of coordination in the form of what I call a coordination cookbook. My goal in this research is hypothesis generation rather than hypothesis testing: I attempt to develop a theory of coordination grounded in detailed empirical observation. I am especially interested in using this theory to identify ways of coordinating that may become more desirable when information technology is used to perform some of the coordination.
I address the following question: how can we represent what people do to coordinate their actions when they work together on common goals, in a way that reveals alternative approaches to achieving those goals? To answer this question, I study groups of people making engineering changes to complex products as an example of a coordination-intensive task. I perform detailed case studies of the change process in three organizations: an automobile manufacturer, a commercial aircraft manufacturer and a computer system software developer.
To analyze these cases, I develop a technique for describing the behaviour of the members of an organization, based on research in distributed artificial intelligence (DAI). I first develop a data-flow model of the change process to identify what information was used and how it was processed by the different members of the organization. Then, using ideas from DAI, I model what each individual must have known about the task and the rest of the organization to act as observed. 
To develop a theory of coordination, I generalize from these specific individuals to the kinds of tasks they performed. I develop a typology of interdependencies between organizational tasks and objects in the world (including resources and products). This typology includes four categories of coordination needs, due to interdependencies between: (1) different tasks, (2) tasks and subtasks, (3) tasks and objects in the world and (4) different objects.
I then re-examine the cases to identify the coordination methods used to address these needs. (These coordination methods are similar in spirit to the weak problem solving methods of cognitive science.) I represent each method by a set of what I call coordination recipes that identify the goals, capabilities and knowledge of the individuals involved. In some cases, consideration of the possible distributions of these elements suggests approaches other than those actually observed. This framework allows an analyst to abstract from a description of how a particular organization performs a task to a description of the coordination needs of that task and a set of alternative coordination methods that could be used to address those needs.
The results of my thesis should be useful in several ways. A better understanding of how individuals work together may provide a more principled approach for designing new computer applications, for analyzing the way organizations are currently coordinated and for explaining perceived problems with existing approaches to coordination. By systematically exploring the space of possible coordination strategies, we may be able to discover new kinds of organizations{\textemdash}organizations in which humans and computers work together in as yet unimagined ways.},
	keywords = {Coordination, Process},
	attachments = {https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/crowston.syr.edu/files/thesis.pdf},
	author = {Kevin Crowston}
}
